During this period, the Moon reaches its full phase on Friday, December 5th. On that date, the moon will be located opposite the sun and will lie above the horizon all night long. This weekend the waxing gibbous moon will set during the early morning hours and allow a small window of opportunity to view meteor activity between moon set and dawn.
The estimated total hourly rates for evening observers this weekend should be near 3 as seen from mid-northern latitudes (45°N) and 2 as seen from tropical southern locations (25°S). For morning observers, the estimated total hourly rates should be near 18 as seen from mid-northern latitudes (45°N) and 12 as seen from tropical southern locations (25°S). Evening rates are reduced due to lunar interference.
The actual rates observed will also depend on factors such as personal light and motion perception, local weather conditions, alertness, and experience in watching meteor activity. Note that the hourly rates listed below are estimates based on observations from dark-sky sites away from urban light sources. Observers viewing from urban areas will see less activity, as only the brighter meteors will be visible from such locations.
The radiant (the area of the sky from which meteors appear to originate) positions and rates listed below are exact for Saturday night/Sunday morning, November 29/30. These positions do not change greatly from day to day, so the listed coordinates may be used throughout this entire period. Most star atlases (available online, in bookstores, and at planetariums) include maps with celestial coordinate grids that can help you locate these positions in the sky.
I have also included charts of the sky that display the radiant positions for evening, midnight, and morning. The center of each chart represents the sky directly overhead at the corresponding hour. These charts are oriented for facing south but can be used for any direction by rotating them accordingly. A planisphere or planetarium app is also useful for showing the sky at any time of night on any date of the year.
Activity from each radiant is best seen when it is positioned highest in the sky (culmination), either due north or south along the meridian, depending on your latitude. Radiants that rise after midnight will not reach their highest point in the sky until daylight; therefore, it is best to view them during the last few hours of the night.
It must be remembered that meteor activity is rarely seen directly at the radiant position. Rather, meteors shoot outward from the radiant, so it is best to center your field of view so that the radiant lies near the edge rather than the center. Viewing in this way allows you to trace the path of each meteor back to the radiant (if it belongs to a shower) or in another direction if it is sporadic. Meteor activity is not visible from radiants located far below the horizon.
The positions below are listed in west-to-east order by right ascension (celestial longitude). The positions listed first are located farther west and are therefore accessible earlier in the night, while those listed farther down the list rise later.
Radiant Positions at 19:00 Local Standard Time
Radiant Positions at Midnight Local Standard Time
Radiant Positions at 05:00 Local Standard Time
These sources of meteoric activity are expected to be active this week.
December phi Cassiopeiids (DPC) radiant currently is located near 01:00 (015) +56. This position lies in southern Cassiopeia, 3 degrees east of the 2nd magnitude star known as Schedar (alpha Cassiopeiae). This part of the sky is best placed near 22:00 (LST), when the radiant lies highest in the northern sky. Current rates would most likely be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 13 km/sec., the average DPC meteor would be of slow velocity.
The omicron Eridanids (OER) was discovered by the Japanese video meteor network SonotaCo from video data obtained during 2007-2008. These meteors are active from October 23 through December 2nd. Maximum activity is ill-defined and may occur anytime from October 28 to November 17. The date listed in the table represents the midpoint of the activity curve and not the actual date of maximum activity. The radiant is currently located at 04:40 (070) -03, which is located in northeastern Eridanus, 1 degree west of the 4th magnitude star known as mu Eridani. This radiant is best placed near midnight LST, when it lies on the meridian and is located highest in the southern sky. Rates at this time should be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 25 km/sec., the average OER meteor would be of medium-slow velocity.
The Northern Taurids (NTA) are active from a wide radiant located at 04:52 (073) +25. This area of the sky lies in central Taurus, 3 degrees northeast of 4th magnitude star known as tau Tauri. To best see these meteors, observers should face southward near midnight LST. Rates at this time should be near 1 per hour, as seen from the northern hemisphere and less than 1 as seen from south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 25 km/sec, the average NTA meteor would be of medium-slow velocity.
The Southern chi Orionids (ORS are active from November 14 through December 16, with maximum activity occurring on November 28th. The radiant is currently located at 05:08 (077) +18, which lies in central Taurus, 6 degrees northeast of the 1st magnitude star known as Aldebaran (alpha Tauri). This radiant is best placed in the southern sky near midnight LST, when it lies on the meridian and is located highest in the sky. Rates at this time should be near 1 per hour as seen from the northern hemisphere and less than 1 as seen from south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 27 km/sec., the average ORS meteor would be of medium-slow velocity.
The November Orionids (NOO) are active from November 13 through December 12, with maximum activity occurring on November 30th. The radiant is currently located at 06:04 (091) +15. This area of the sky lies in northeast Orion, 2 degrees west of the 4th-magnitude star known as nu Orionis. This radiant is best placed in the northern sky near 0100 LST, when it lies highest above the southern horizon. Hourly rates should be near 3 as seen from the northern hemisphere and 2 as seen from south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 42 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of medium speed.
The Monocerotids (MON) are active from November 23 through December 24, with maximum activity occurring on December 10th. The radiant is currently located at 06:16 (094) +10. This area of the sky lies in northeastern Orion, 4 degrees northeast of the bright orange variable star known as Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis). This radiant is best placed in the southern sky near 0200 LST, when it lies highest above the northern horizon. Hourly rates should be near 1 no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 43 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of medium speed.
The Geminids (GEM) are active from December 1st through December 24th, with maximum activity occurring on December 13th. The radiant is currently located at 06:36 (099) +34. This area of the sky lies in eastern Auriga, 3 degrees west of the 4th magnitude star known as theta Geminorum. This radiant is best placed in the northern sky near 0200 LST, when it lies highest above the southern horizon. Hourly rates should be less than 1 no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 32 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of medium -slow speed.
The sigma Hydrids (HYD) are active from November 22 through December 31, with maximum activity occurring on December 7th. The radiant is currently located at 07:52 (118) +04. This area of the sky lies on central Canis Minor, 3 degrees southeast of the zero-magnitude star known as Procyon (alpha Canis Minoris A). This radiant is best placed near 0300 LST, when it lies highest above the southern horizon. Rates should be near 1 no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 59 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of appear swift.
The eta Hydrids (EHY) are active from November 22 through December 31, with maximum activity occurring on December 8th. The radiant is currently located at 08:24 (126) +04. This area of the sky lies on western Hydra, 2 degrees west of the 4th magnitude star known as delta Hydrae. This radiant is best placed near 0400 LST, when it lies highest above the southern horizon. Rates should be less than 1 no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 62 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of appear swift.
The Leonids (LEO) are active from October 27 to December 7 with maximum activity occurring on November 17th. The radiant is currently located at 10:44 (161) +17. This position lies in central Leo, 2 degrees south of the faint star known as 51 Leonis. The Leonid radiant is best placed in the eastern sky during the last hour before morning twilight when the radiant lies highest in a dark sky. Leonids may be seen from the southern hemisphere, but the viewing conditions are not quite as favorable as those north of the equator. Current hourly rates should be less than 1 no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 71 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
The psi Ursae Majorids (PSU) are active from November 29 to December 11 with maximum activity occurring on December 4th. The radiant is currently located at 10:56 (164) +46. This position lies in southern Major, 3 degrees northwest of the 3rd magnitude star known as Psi Ursae Majoris. The radiant is best placed in the northeastern sky during the last hour before morning twilight when the radiant lies highest in a dark sky. Current rates are expected to be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 60 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of medium velocity.
The December kappa Draconids (DKD) are active from November 28 to December 7 with maximum activity occurring on December 2nd. The radiant is currently located at 12:04 (181) +72. This position lies in western Draco, 3 degrees northwest of the 4th magnitude star known as kappa Draconis. The radiant is best placed in the northern sky during the last hour before morning twilight when the radiant lies highest in a dark sky. Current rates are expected to be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 43 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of medium velocity.
The December chi Virginids (XVI) are active from October 26 to December 30 with maximum activity occurring on December 14th. The radiant is currently located at 12:08 (182) -05. This position lies in western Virgo, 3 degrees southwest of the 4th magnitude star known as Zaniah (eta Virginis). The radiant is best placed in the eastern sky during the last hour before morning twilight when the radiant lies highest in a dark sky. Current rates are expected to be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 68 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
The December sigma Virginids (DSV) are active from November 26 to January 24 with maximum activity occurring on December 23rd. The radiant is currently located at 12:36 (189) +10. This position lies in northwestern Virgo, 1 degree south of the faint star known as rho Virginis. The radiant is best placed in the eastern sky during the last hour before morning twilight when the radiant lies highest in a dark sky. Current rates are expected to be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 66 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
Sporadic meteors are those that cannot be associated with any known meteor shower. All meteor showers evolve and disperse over time until they are no longer recognizable. Away from the peaks of major annual showers, these sporadic meteors make up the bulk of the activity seen each night.
As seen from the mid-northern hemisphere (45°N), one would expect to see approximately 12 sporadic meteors per hour during the last hour before dawn, from rural observing sites. Evening rates would be near 2 per hour. From tropical southern latitudes (25°S), morning rates would be around 8 per hour and 1 per hour during the evening. Locations between these two extremes would experience activity between these figures. Evening rates are reduced due to moonlight.
The list below provides tabular information on the active showers that are within reach of the visual observer to discern. Hourly rates are often less than one, so these sources are rarely listed as visual targets in most meteor shower catalogs. If you, like me, wish to associate as many meteors as possible with known sources, you will appreciate these listings.
Before claiming to have observed meteors from these Class IV showers, you should determine whether they truly belong to them and are not chance alignments of sporadic meteors. Note parameters such as duration, length, radiant distance, and elevation of each meteor to help compute the probability of shower association.
It should be remembered that slow meteors can appear in fast showers, but fast meteors cannot be produced by slow showers. Slower showers are those with velocities less than 35 km/sec. Slow meteors can appear from fast showers when they occur close to the radiant or low in the sky.
The table located on page 22 of the IMO’s 2025 Meteor Shower Calendar is a helpful tool for identifying meteors. If you record the length and duration of each meteor, you can use this chart to check the probability of the meteor belonging to a shower of known velocity. If the angular velocity matches the figure in the table, your meteor probably belongs to that shower.
Recognizing meteors from obscure showers is not for beginning meteor observers—it takes many hours of practice to develop an instinct for what you’re seeing. It is our hope that you will move beyond simply watching meteors as a celestial fireworks display and help expand our knowledge of these heavenly visitors by classifying each meteor you observe.
Rates and positions in the table are exact for Saturday night/Sunday morning November 29/30.
| SHOWER | DATE OF MAXIMUM ACTIVITY | CELESTIAL POSITION | ENTRY VELOCITY | CULMINATION | HOURLY RATE | CLASS |
| RA (RA in Deg.) DEC | Km/Sec | Local Standard Time | North-South | |||
| December phi Cassiopeiids (DPC) | Dec 04 | 01:00 (015) +56 | 13 | 22:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| omicron Eridanids (OER) | Nov 05 | 04:40 (070) -03 | 25 | 01:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| Northern Taurids (NTA) | Nov 09 | 04:52 (073) +25 | 26 | 01:00 | 1 – <1 | II |
| Southern chi Orionids (ORS) | Nov 28 | 05:08 (077) +18 | 27 | 01:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| November Orionids (NOO) | Nov 28 | 06:04 (091) +15 | 42 | 02:00 | 3 – 2 | II |
| Monocerotids (MON) | Dec 10 | 06:16 (094) +10 | 43 | 02:00 | 1 – 1 | II |
| Geminids (GEM) | Dec 13 | 06:36 (099) +34 | 32 | 02:00 | <1 – <1 | I |
| sigma Hydrids (HYD) | Dec 07 | 07:52 (118) +05 | 59 | 03:00 | <1 – <1 | II |
| eta Hydrids (EHY) | Nov 08 | 08:24 (126) +04 | 62 | 04:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| Leonids (LEO) | Nov 17 | 10:44 (161) +17 | 71 | 06:00 | <1 – <1 | I |
| psi Ursae Majorids (PSU) | Dec 04 | 10:56 (164) +46 | 60 | 06:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| December kappa Draconids | Dec 02 | 12:04 (181) +72 | 43 | 07:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| December chi Virginids (XVI) | Dec 14 | 12:08 (182) -05 | 68 | 07:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
| December sigma Virginids (DSV) | Dec 23 | 12:36 (189) +10 | 66 | 08:00 | <1 – <1 | IV |
You can keep track of the activity of these meteor showers as well as those beyond the limits of visual observing by visiting the NASA Meteor Shower Portal. You can move the sky globe to see different areas of the sky. Colored dots indicate shower meteors while white dots indicate sporadic (random) activity. The large orange disk indicates the position of the sun so little activity will be seen in that area of the sky.
Class Explanation: A scale to group meteor showers by their intensity:
- Class I: the strongest annual showers with Zenith Hourly Rates normally ten or better.
- Class II: reliable minor showers with ZHR’s normally two to ten.
- Class III: showers that do not provide annual activity. These showers are rarely active yet have the potential to produce a major display on occasion.
- Class IV: weak minor showers with ZHR’s rarely exceeding two. The study of these showers is best left to experienced observers who use plotting and angular velocity estimates to determine shower association. These weak showers are also good targets for video and photographic work. Observers with less experience are urged to limit their shower associations to showers with a rating of I to III.
